Gallery opened: July 2006 Updated: 26 Oct 2019 Catalog pic added

This is a possibly unique example of full-sized locomotives being powered by stored compressed air, and so they have a page of their own. Four of these machines (Nos 6001-6004) were built for the French Ouest (West) network in 1901 by La Société Saint Léonard de Liège.

Construction of the Invalides to Versailles-Rive-Gauche railway line began in 1840. In 1900 the line was extended from Champ du Mars to new underground railway station by the side of the Seine, called Invalides, to serve the 1900 World Fair. This section was completely covered without any ventilation for steam locomotives; the Ouest Company had concluded agreements with the City of Paris that excluded the use of steam engines inside the new station. The line was normally worked by electric locomotives that drew 750V DC from a raised third rail; this voltage was already widely used on French tramways. Delays and construction problems meant that only a shuttle service between Champ du Mars and Invalides was possible for the Fair; electric locomotives were supplemented by the four air locomotives.

The compressed-air locomotives were also intended to rescue electric trains stranded by loss of traction current. In the absence of steam traction the compressed-air locomotives, they were the best option until practical battery-powered locomtives were available.

The Company appear to have been partcularily worried about breakdowns in the Meudon Tunnel, which is still causing safety concerns today. They had probably not forgotten the Meudon Disaster, one of the first and worst railway accidents in the world.

It is suggested on the Wikipedia page for the Invalides to Versailles-Rive-Gauche line (page in French) that the air locomotives were needed for maneuvering in the Invalides station, as the complexity of the track layout made its third-rail electrification difficult.

Left: L'Ouest air locomotive 6003: 1900 These locomotives had two four-wheel bogies. They could be driven from either end, and were fitted with both Westinghouse and manual brakes. Air was stored in 33 air cylinders in the central part of the locomotive. There was an intermediate reservoir working at 20 kg/cm2. (284 psi) Each bogie had two cylinders in compound, the HP cylinder working at 20 kg/cm2, while the LP cylinder worked at 10 kg/cm2. (142 psi)

Air charging attachments were fitted at each end; possibly these are the otherwise unexplained structures on the roof, above the door openings. There appear to have been bouillottes at each end to reheat the stored air before use, increasing power output and preventing freezing as the air expanded. For more on bouillottes and compressed-air vehicles in general see Compressed Air Propulsion.

For more on compressed-air locomotives in general see this gallery in the Locomotive Wing of The Museum of RetroTech.

These locomotives were replaced by electric locomotives in 1910. The performance may have been inadequate, or it may just be that the railway company had finally sorted out its electrical problems and wished to rid itself of these unconventional machines. Presumably the replacements were battery-operated, as otherwise they would not have been much use for rescue purposes when the power supply failed.

Left: L'Ouest air locomotive 6001: 1900 At last the Museum staff have managed to obtain a photograph of one of these locomotives. It NOT the photograph from which the engraving above was made; the number on the side is clearly 6001, there are four rectangular panels on the side, and the connecting rods are in different positions. A high-pressure cylinder can be seen on the right bogie, and a larger low-pressure cylinder on the left. The four locomotives were built by La Société St Leonard de Liége.

Left: L'Ouest air locomotive: 1900 This drawing shows how the 33 air cylinders took up all of the internal space apart from the two driving compartments. Some dimensions: Length between buffers: 13.460 m Distance between bogie pivots: 6.800 m Wheelbase of bogies: 22.500 m Wheel diameter: 1.350 m Cylinder diameter: 310, 530 mm Storage air pressure: 15 Atm (220 psi) * Weight: 60 tons Power: 1300 hp * This is what one source gives. It is clearly wrong- far too low. The Hardie locomotive had a storage pressure of 1000 psi in 1878.

Left: L'Ouest air locomotive: side elevation From the catalogue of the Societe Anonyme St-Leonard (Machines et Outils) of Liege, Belgium. Believed 1903.

Left: L'Ouest air locomotive: data This table gives a good deal more information about the locomotive. It had 33 air cylinders charged to '90 kilogs'; Presumably that means kilograms-force per square centimeter. If that's true, the pressure is 1280 psi, which seems a plausible figure.. It confirms there were two reheaters for the air, to improve efficiency and prevent freezing, and since the pressure in these reheaters is given as the same as the storage pressure, it is clear that the heating was done before the HP cylinder rather than after. Presumably coal or coke was used for heating. From the catalogue of the Societe Anonyme St-Leonard (Machines et Outils) of Liege, Belgium. Believed 1903.

THE COMPRESSED-AIR SUPPLY
Compressed air was generated in a plant near to the esplanade of Invalides station, with three independant groups of machinery, each group comprising a three-phase electric motor energised at 5000V, supplied from a power-station at Issy by the general supply circuit, and a vertical Mekarski compressor, turning at 100 rpm and absorbing 200 HP. These took compressed air at 6kg/cm2 (85 psi) bought from the Compagnie Parisienne*, and raised it to 100 kg/cm2. (1422 psi)

The compressors had four cylinders; and each compressor could supply 2000 kg of air per hour. (Is that right? It seems like an awful lot of air) The air at final pressure was stored in six groups of 20 tanks, storage being essential as compressed air to run the locomotives would be needed when the electricity supply failed. Adjacent were special facilities for the bouillottes; presumably for filling them with hot water.

*The Compagnie Parisienne de l'Air Comprime. (CPAC) distributed compressed air for power purposes through a network of pipes under the Paris streets. Its remarkable story can be read on this page.

From the French journal Nature for 1901, 2nd issue.

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